Yep this is the nightmare scenario which you're unlikely to experience, unless you do own a Renault, which are parked more often on the hard shoulder of the motorway than Kia's (go figure).
Yes EGR reduces the combustion temperature by re-admitting exhaust gas into the intake and thereby reduces the oxygen concentration in the cylinder. Yes this probably reduces the exhaust gas temperature at the turbo inlet a small bit. However the difference in exhaust temp, I don't think, is the cause of serious turbo life shortening.
Turbos more often fail through abuse, like hot shutdowns etc, where there's oil starvation of the bearings, which wears the bearing, increases the clearances, allows the turbine wheels to whirl more, hit the inside of the turbo and the blades beat the insides of the casting, oh and increase oil consumption as more oil leaks out of the worn bearing into the intake tract.
Upshot is blanking off the EGR doesn't kill turbos, poor maintenance and abusive operation kills them.